Date: April 30, 2020 To: Governor Andrew M. Cuomo From: Liberty Abordo, Mohamed Morsi, Munimul Hassan Title: Nanotechnology Hospital in New York City Purpose: The purpose of this proposal is to provide detailed information about the implementation of a nanotechnology-based medical facility in New York City and its possible effects. Through investing for the development of the first ever nanotechnology-based hospital, patients can have access to more precise and efficient medical procedures of diagnosing, treating or preventing diseases. Summary: Nanotechnology is a branch of technology used to directly manipulate targeted molecules. When applied to medicine, nanotechnology helps eliminate the unhealthy cells in the body without harming the healthy cells. Building the first ever nanotechnology-based hospital will provide a more accessible, precise and effective treatment to patients in New York City and other places. In order to run the first ever nanotechnology-based hospital in New York we must search for: a) medical health professionals such as nurses, doctors and anesthesiologists who will conduct the medical treatments, b) engineers from the biomedical, nanotechnology and mechanical field who will create and develop the facility and the technology used, c) architects who will design the building d) other staff such as janitors and food servers. The construction of the Nanotechnology-based Medical Institution of New York City’s facility is estimated to cost about $25,000,000 with the estimated finished date of August 2021. Introduction: Nanotechnology in medicinal terms is a branch of technology which can directly manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules less than 100 nanometers in size such as DNA and human blood cells for the purpose of diagnosis and/or treatment of the disease. Currently, medical procedures which are considered to be effective in treating diseases are also susceptible in damaging healthy cells in the human body. For instance in treating cancer, chemotherapy is considered as one of the most effective ways to eliminate fast growing cancer cells however, this same procedure tends also to damage fast growing healthy cells as well. This imprecise procedure causes the unpleasant side effects such as hair loss, easy bruising, and sometimes long term health issues such as neural and kidney problems, etc. (Mayo Clinic). A study conducted in 2017 represents the severity and incidence of side effects caused by chemotherapy to cancer patients. The study showed that three quarter of the patients undergoing chemotherapy will experience side effects during their treatment, and for over 60% of people, this will include serious side effects (NCBI). When treating diseases, nanotechnology will allow for a more direct treatment of the unhealthy cells avoiding damage to the surrounding healthy cells. According to another study conducted in 2019 by Johns Hopkins, more than 250,000 people in the United States die every year because of medical mistakes, making it the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. These mistakes include incorrect diagnosis and treatments which are mainly caused by inevitable human errors or lack of technological capabilities.. When diagnosing diseases, it is very critical to get accurate and correct results in order for the right treatments to be used. Nanotechnology’s distinct optical, magnetic and structural properties of nanomaterials makes it suitable for accurate diagnostic imaging and disease detection avoiding human errors and incorrect diagnosis which can result in unintentional harm of the human body. Nanotechnology has greatly contributed to major advances in electronics and environmental remediation used today. Nanotechnology is currently used in electronics as magnetic random access memory or MRAM which enables a computer to “boot”. This allows for the system to quickly save data during an unexpected system shutdown. In addition, nanotechnology is also used for environmental remediation as sensors which are able to detect and identify chemical or biological agents in the air and soil with much higher sensitivity than ever before. Although nanotechnology has not made a lot of advances in the medical field, New York City’s technological and economic resources allow a higher chance of successfully building the first ever nanotechnology hospital in the world for the public use. Overview and the Plan of Work: Scientists have been researching and working with nanoparticles for centuries but their inability to see the structure of nanoparticles has hindered the efficacy of their research. Nanoparticles, oxide unit measured in nanometer dimensions (nm; 1 nm = 10−9 metres). They have specific material characteristics because of their submicroscopic scale, and manufactured nanoparticles can find practical applications in a number of fields, including medicine, engineering, catalysis, and environmental remediation. The creation of microscopes able to view objects as small as atoms in recent decades has allowed scientists to see what they are dealing with. In order to protect humans from environmental changes that can lead to diseases such as cancer from toxins, the goal is to build a Nanotechnologies hospital. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are used for seeing and manipulating atoms and molecules to have better understanding. Nanotechnology can be used to adapt to extremely small scales and to extend the research toolkits materials. Products can be upgraded, using nanotechnology. For eg, stronger, lighter, longer-lasting, resilient, better electrical conductors and a greater variety of traits. As environmental concerns continue to increase, there are steps that must be taken to protect the lives of humans. To begin with, Nanotechnology does not only apply to science, but nanotechnology also applies to everything that requires science like in hospitals and computer software, therefore improving computing and new medical advancements in the world. According to Nano.gov, “Nanotechnology has greatly contributed to major advances in computing and electronics, leading to faster, smaller, and more portable systems that can manage and store larger and larger amounts of information.” Similarly, it applies majorly in the medical and healthcare fields, it “is already broadening the medical tools, knowledge, and therapies currently available to clinicians. Nanomedicine, the application of nanotechnology in medicine, draws on the natural scale of biological phenomena to produce precise solutions for disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment” (Nano.gov). Hence, we plan to build this nanotechnological hospital because it will help to escape the side effects of therapies such as chemotherapy; by targeting different malignant cells such as cancer cells and thereby preventing the expansion of malignant cells into benign cells. Many side effects in chemotherapy may include fatigue, hair loss, anemia and effects in weight. According to, understandingnano.com, it states “One application of nanotechnology in medicine currently being developed involves employing nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells (such as cancer cells).” It therefore supports the argument that a hospital of nanotechnology would help to prevent the side effects of treatments such as chemotherapy. Nanotechnology hospitals can use gold nanoparticles to prevent malignant cells from spreading to other organs, and then continue to destroy them. The following chart demonstrates the strategy that will be used to elaborate on the Nanotechnological Hospital: Nanotechnology materials and tools can be used to study and image the cells or organs affected to help us build unparalleled therapeutics and a revolutionary drug delivery system. Nanotechnology, as explained above, is not only better for the patients but also for the community. Through this plan, we’ll achieve our goals and produce the best scientific applications to save mankind. Goals: Create a new hospital that incorporates nanotechnology to support and discover new developments in the medical field; by raising funds and hiring the experts mentioned below (Knowledge areas) Implement nanomedicine to improve the skills, surgical measures, and transportation of medicine in the human body Figure out efficient ways to use Nanotechnology in order to collect data Implement the use of nanobots that will function as surgeons Implement gene therapy to replace abnormal genes for normal genes After completing the projects mentioned above, you can see a reflection of the Nanotechnology Hospital’s work and effort put into the opening. This will be illustrated by its extensive technology, as it will offer the best services to the public and will incorporate methods that have never been seen before, creating a powerful worldwide attraction. Knowledge Areas: Jobs needed in a Nanotechnology Hospital: Nanotechnology engineer: he is someone who works with science’s smallest, most beautiful pieces. From processing items at the cellular level to making new, tiny bits of circuitry. Biomedical engineer: To build and construct tools, instruments, computer systems, and applications, biomedical engineers combine the concepts of engineering with medical sciences. Doctors Nurses Cleaning services Anesthesiologist Mechanical engineers Food provider Budget: A 250ft by 250ft building with three floors would work perfectly for a beginning. According to an article from RSMeans Data, an average 2-3 story high concrete frame Hospital in the U.S. costs $318.95 per square foot (this includes architectural fees and contractor fees). For the building at hand, this gives an estimate of $19,934, 375. Given that the location is in New York City and high-tech instruments will be used in this facility, the price will very likely jump to the neighborhood of $25,000,000. Note: This amount ($25,000,000) is only for the cost of the building, the meparts and the nano-devices will be imported later from private companies on a need basis. Timeline: If all the paperworks are completed, approved, and the budget itself is approved by the end of November, 2020, then the construction of the building can begin as early as December 1st, 2020. A three story building of this size generally takes 6-8 months to complete. The construction is estimated to be finished by no later than the end of August, 2021. After the building inspection is done for safety and maximum occupancy, then we can proceed to the next steps such as decorations and furnishing. Also, private companies that specialize in nanotechnology will then be contacted for the necessary machines and parts. The previously stated employees will be employed at the same time as the decoration and furnishing phase. Glossary: Nanotechnology: Deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 100 nanometers, especially the manipulation of individual atoms and molecules. Gold Nanoparticles: Microscopic particles with at least one dimension less than 100 nanometers. Nanobots: Microscopic robots that have great potential for medical uses, can do the job of a surgeon and be inside of the human body in delicate parts such as the brain. Nanomedicine: Being developed for delivering chemotherapy drugs to specific types of cells such as cancer cells. Is less harsh for cancer patients than chemotherapy since it only has an effect on targeting malignant cells and not the whole body like chemotherapy. Gene therapy: Alter a number of conditions and diseases. Future, nanobots could exchange abnormal genes with normal genes. Works cited: “Construction Cost Estimates for Hospitals, 2-3 Story in the National, US.” RSMeans Data, Gordian, 2020, www.rsmeans.com/model-pages/hospital-2-3-story.aspx. Goyal, Nidhi. “Nanotechnology Helps Revolutionize Medicine; Makes It More Effective, Smarter, and More Affordable.” Industry Tap. Industry Tap, 15 Aug. 2015. http://www.industrytap.com/nanotechnology-helping-revolutionize-medicine-making-effective-smarter-affordable/30716. Accessed 12. Apr. 2019. Nano.gov. “Benefits and Applications”. Nano.gov. Nano.gov, www.nano.gov/you/nanotechnology-benefits.Acccesed 12 Apr. 2019. Nanowerk. “Nanotechnology identifies brain tumor types through MRI ‘virtual biopsy”. Nanowerk. Nanowerk, 26 May. 2019. https://www.nanowerk.com/nanotechnology-news/newsid=40193.php. Accessed 12 Apr. 2019. Pearce, Alison, et al. “Incidence and Severity of Self-Reported Chemotherapy Side Effects in Routine Care: A Prospective Cohort Study.” PloS One, Public Library of Science, 10 Oct. 2017, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5634543/. UnderstandingNano.com. “Nanotechnology in Medicine- Nanoparticles in Medicine”. UnderstandingNano.com. UnderstandingNano.com, https://www.understandingnano.com/medicine.html. Accessed 12 Apr. 2019.